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January 1, 2009
Animal ID & Traceability
V
1. BACKGROUND …
Estimated costs of adopting bookend or full tracing NAIS practices by
species for an average operation in selected industry segments are
summarized in table 1. A bookend system refers to simply identifying the
animal individually or in group/lot fashion at its birth premises and then
terminating the record at the packing plant when the animal is
processed, with no intermittent tracing or recording of animal
movement. A full tracing system refers to the bookend plus also tracing
and recording movements of animals (individually or by group depending
on species) through their lifetime as they change ownership.
For a typical dairy cow operation, total cost of a bookend system would
be $2.47 per cow and full tracing $3.43 per cow annually. A large portion
of the costs for dairy cow operations are costs of individual electronic
tags for calves for a bookend system plus scanning costs for a full tracing
system. The typical beef cow operation would incur higher cost than the
typical dairy producer with a $3.92 per cow bookend adoption cost and a
$4.22 per cow full tracing cost. Other segments of the beef industry (i.e.,
backgrounders, feedlots, auction markets, and packers) incur much
smaller costs than the cow sector because their main costs are replacing
lost tags for a bookend and incurring scanning costs for full tracing.
Porcine adoption costs of bookend and full tracing are much smaller than
bovine costs because porcine utilize primarily group identification by pen
or lot rather than individual animal identification (with the exception of
cull breeding animals that use individual identification). For a typical
farrow‐to‐wean operation, annual costs of a bookend system are $0.01
per animal sold and a fully tracing system costs $0.025 per animal sold.
Ovine operations would use group identification for lambs but individual
identification for breeding animals. Annual costs to adopt a bookend
system would be $0.71 per animal sold and to adopt a full tracing system
would be $1.07 per animal sold.
Poultry operations would utilize exclusively lot identification systems and
have relatively low adoption costs of about $0.02 per animal sold
annually for layers and $0.001 per animal sold for broilers.
vii …
October 1, 2015
USDA METSS Project
Aggregation level: Weighted averages of the PPP of the product groups where weights are the
expenditures on the product groups as established in national accounts
The basket of goods used in the estimation of the PPP is a sample of goods and services used in the
estimation of GDP. Final list is approximately 3,000 consumer goods and services, 30 government
occupations, 200 equipment and 15 construction projects. They also often generate a significant portion
of their domestic public revenues through imposed barriers to trade such as tariffs.
From the foregoing, the prevalence of poverty may be influenced by the changes in the prices of goods
in a country’s basket of goods when the assumption of zero transaction costs and absence of trade
barriers fail to hold. Most developing countries experience significant transaction costs in traded goods
because of their dependence on imports. The extent of the violation of the law of one price is
2
exacerbated by the proportion of consumption that is imported and changing foreign exchange situation
in the country.
Research Question
To what extent do macroeconomic conditions in a developing country influence the prevalence of
poverty? The macroeconomic conditions of interest are exchange rates and inflation, measured by the
consumer price index (CPI). For simplicity purposes, the research question ignores the non‐trivial effect
of population growth on the prevalence of poverty.
The question is important because the performance of intervention projects aimed at reducing poverty
may be adversely affected by inimical macroeconomic conditions over which the projects have no
control. Understanding and measuring the effect of these macroeconomic conditions allow project
managers to make the necessary adjustments to their achievements to help effectively monitor and
evaluate project performance.
Background
Suppose the perfect world where the real exchange rate is constant over time between two countries,
say U.S. and Ghana. Suppose also that a basket of goods produced in U.S. and Ghana were identical and
completely tradable. The law of one price would suggest that net of transportation costs, arbitrage
would insure that the dollar price of the basket is identical between Ghana and the U.S. – this is the
basic theory of PPP determination.
Let us begin with an illustration of the changing PPP measured as national currency per U.S. dollar in the
Euro Zone and the UK (Figure 1). Between 2009 and 2014, UK’s PPP has been increasing while the EU’s
has been declining. This implies that for people living in the UK needed a declining quantity of British
Pounds to purchase the same basket of goods as would be purchased in the U.S. for given price in U.S.
dollars while those living in the Euro Zone needed an increasing quantity of Euros. A declining PPP is,
therefore, an indicator of a worsening economic condition for residents in a particular country.
Let us define the real exchange rate, Q, as follows:
…
or HOH
p. A94
Education Credits
• Eliminating thecredit
oMust file amended tax returno … 3
pp. A94-103
Education Credit (cont)
• Not claimed on … statute• Coordination of credits
o Can’t claim both …